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Imperialism is the system of building foreign empires for military and trade advantages or in other words, the practice of extending the power, control or rule by a country over the political and economic life of areas outside its own borders which may be accomplished through military or other means, and particularly through colonialism. Imperialism is often autocratic, and also sometimes monolithic [2] in character. While the term imperialism often refers to a contiguous political or geographical domain such as the Ottoman Empire[3] the Russian Empire,[4] or the British Empire,[5] etc. The term can equally be applied to domains of knowledge, beliefs, values and expertise, such as the empires of Christianity (see Christendom)[6] or Islam (see Caliphate).[7]
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Overview
Imperialism is found in the ancient histories of the Assyrian Empire, Roman Empire, Greece, the Persian Empire, the Ottoman Empire (see Ottoman wars in Europe), ancient Egypt, India, the Aztec empire, Genghis Khan, and other areas. Although the practice has existed for thousands of years, the term 'Age of Imperialism' refers to the Scramble for Africa, along with the 'Scramble for India.' The term 'Imperialism' was coined in the sixteenth century,[8] reflecting what are now seen as the imperial policies of Portugal, Spain, Britain, Belgium, France, and the Netherlands in Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
Currently, there is an effort to broaden the definition of 'imperialism' so it applies to any instance of a greater power acting or being perceived to act at the expense of a lesser power. Including 'perception' in the definition makes it circular, solipsistic, and subjective. Under this broader definition, 'imperialism' not only describes colonial, territorial policies;but also describes economic dominance and influence.
See also
- Colonialism
- Cultural imperialism
- Empire
- Feudalism
- Islamic imperialism
- John A. Hobson
- List of empires
- Neocolonialism
- New Imperialism
- Oil imperialism
- Scientific imperialism
- Theories of New Imperialism
- Ultra-imperialism
References
- ^ S. Gertrude Millin, Rhodes, London, 1933, p.138
- ^ http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/isj93/rees.htm John Rees, Imperialism: globalisation, the state and war, International Socialism Journal 93, Winter 2001
- ^ http://i-cias.com/e.o/ottomans.htm Ottoman Empire, Encylcopaedia of the Orient
- ^ http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/empire/ The Empire that was Russia, Library of Congress
- ^ http://www.britishempire.co.uk/ The British Empire
- ^ http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=3350 John B Cobb, Christianity and Empire,
- ^ http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/ Islam Empire of Faith
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary online (subscription required
Further reading
- Guy Ankerl, Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharatai, Chinese, and Western, Geneva, INU PRESS, 2000, ISBN 2-88155-004-5.
- Robert Bickers/Christian Henriot, New Frontiers: Imperialism's New Communities in East Asia, 1842-1953, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-7190-5604-7
- Barbara Bush, Imperialism and Postcolonialism (History: Concepts,Theories and Practice), Longmans, 2006, ISBN 0582505836
- John Darwin, After Tamerlane: The Rise and Fall of Global Empires, 1400-2000, Penguin Books, 2008, ISBN 0141010223
- Niall Ferguson, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World, Penguin Books, 2004, ISBN 0141007540
- Michael Hardt and Toni Negri, Empire, Harvard University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-674-00671-2
- E.J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Empire, 1875-1914, Abacus Books, 1989, ISBN 0349105987
- E J Hobsbawm, On Empire: America, War, and Global Supremacy, Pantheon Books, 2008, ISBN 0375425373
- J A Hobson, Imperialism: A Study, Cosimo Classics, 2005, ISBN 1596052503
- Michael Hudson, Super Imperialism: The Origin and Fundamentals of U.S. World Dominance, Pluto Press, 2003, ISBN 0745319890
- V I Lenin, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism, International Publishers, New York, 1997, ISBN 0717800989
- Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism, Vintage Books, 1998, ISBN 0099967502
- Simon C Smith, British Imperialism 1750-1970, Cambridge University Press, 1998, ISBN 052159930X
External links
- J.A Hobson, Imperialism a Study 1902.
- The Paradox of Imperialism by Hans-Hermann Hoppe. November 2006.
- Imperialism Quotations
- State, Imperialism and Capitalism by Joseph Schumpeter
- Economic Imperialism by A.J.P.Taylor
- Imperialism Entry in the Columbia Encyclopedia (Bartleby)
- The Nation-State, Core and Periphery: A Brief sketch of Imperialism in the 20th century.
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