http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c5/Ph_locator_negros_occidental_bacolod.png
Koreans in the Philippines
Total population

86,800 (2007)[1]
Regions with significant populations
Metro Manila, Bacolod City, Cebu City, Davao City, Iloilo City, Cagayan de Oro City
Languages
Korean, English, Tagalog, various Philippine languages
Religion
Christianity[2]
Related ethnic groups
Koreans

Koreans in the Philippines, largely consisting of expatriates from South Korea, form the largest Korean diaspora community in Southeast Asia and the seventh-largest in the world, after Korean Australians and before Koreans in Vietnam; as of 2007, statistics of South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade recorded their population at 86,800 individuals, up by 87% since 2005.[1][3] There are also an estimated 10,000 'Kophinos'— children of mixed Korean and Filipino descent—of whom 90% were born since 2003.[4]

Contents

Migration history

The history of Korean settlement in the Philippines can be divided into five segments. The first, lasting until the end of World War II, consisted of just a few disconnected individuals. Jang Bogo of Unified Silla was said to have visited the country as early as the 8th century. However, there was little further contact until over a millennium later, in 1837, Andrew Kim Taegon and two other Korean Catholics took refuge in the Philippines after fleeing a riot in Macau, where they had been studying.[5] They lived in a monastery near Lolomboy. Around 1935, a few itinerant ginseng peddlers from Uiju, North Pyongan (in present-day North Korea) arrived in the country via Vietnam. Finally, some Korean soldiers came with the Imperial Japanese Army when it occupied the Philippines during World War II; three, also from Uiji, are known to have married local women and chose to remain in the country permanently. One of them, Pak Yun-hwa, would go on to establish the Korean Association Philipines Inc. in 1969, which would grow to become the country's largest Korean organisation.[6]

The second segment of Korean settlement in the Philippines consisted of the war brides of Filipiino soldiers who fought on the side of the UN Forces in the Korean War. About 30 moved to the Philippines with their husbands in the 1960s; in 1975, they formed the Mothers' Association.[7]

Beginning with the third segment, migration began to take on a more economic character. With the growth of the South Korean economy, companies in labour-intensive manufacturing industries responded to increasing wages by relocating their operations to other countries, including the Philippines, beginning in the 1980s. As a result, managers of enterprises both big and small, along with their families, began to increase.[8] The fourth segment, in the 1990s. saw an expansion in the variety of Korean businesses in the Philippines; South Korean businesspeople not from just manufacturing companies, but import-export businesses, restaurants, construction companies, all founded ethnic-specific business associations in this era.[9]

The fifth phase of migration history, beginning in the 2000s, saw the number of students increase, and also was marked by growing influence and engagement by the various Korean associations with mainstream Philippine society.[10] For example, the Merchant Assocation, formed in July 2001 and renamed as the Financial Expert Union Association in 2002, helped to regularise the status of South Korean enterpreneurs who had been working without a proper visa, while the South Korean Used Automobile Import Assocation fought against a newly-introduced prohibition on the importation of used cars, and the Travel Company Association worked with the Philippine Department of Tourism to resolve visa and licencing issues for South Korean tour guides who hoped to work in the Philippines.[11]

Many South Koreans living in the Philippines are attracted to the low cost of English-language education and housing, both significantly cheaper than those offered in their native South Korea. The warmer climate is yet another motivating factor for the recent surge in migration.[12] The Philippines is also a popular destination for retired South Koreans on fixed pensions; the Filipino government actively promotes the settlement of South Korean retirees in the country because of the potential lucrative opportunities for the local economy.[13]

Education

The trend of South Korean students going to the Philippines to pursue university education began in the 1960s, when South Korea was still a poor country and the Philippines ranked as the region's second-most developed behind Japan. Philippine universities still have a reputation among older South Koreans for offering quality education, which is believed to have contributed to the boom in the numbers of South Korea international students coming to the country to learn English or even to enroll in degree courses.[14] South Korean tourists often enroll in short-term courses in English language schools to cope with South Korea's growing demand for English proficiency. Their numbers include a large proportion of young people; according to Son Jung-Son of the Philippine-Korean Cultural Center in Seoul, over 1,500 Koreans under 20 years old arrive in the Philippines every month to study English.[3] Since the 2001-02 academic year, South Korean international students have also been the largest group of foreigners studying at Philippine tertiary institutions, edging out Americans; in the 2002-03 academic year, they totalled 1,069 individuals, or 24.6% of the total 4,363 foreign students.[15]

Koreans living in the Philippines do not have a Korean-medium day school for their community's children, but are served by seven weekend Korean-language schools recognised by the South Korean government, the earliest being the ones in Cebu and Antipolo, both founded in 1994.[16][17] Between 1997 and 2000, five more schools were founded in Davao City, Angeles City, Pasay City, Baguio City, and Cainta. In total, the seven schools enroll 383 students.[18][19][20][21][22]

Religion

Korean Christian churches in Metro Manila and other large cities in the Philippines serve as centers of religious and social activity within the Korean community.[3] The earliest Korean church, Manila's Korean Union Church, opened its doors in 1974.[23] The churches are largely Protestant, especially Presbyterian; their style of worship is marked by forceful preaching and the use of amplified guitar and organ accompaniment to song and prayer, often perceived by Filipinos as too noisy.[24] However, some Korean Catholic churches also exist, such as the St. Andrew Kim Dae Gun Parish Church, which grew out of a 1986 commemorative ceremony for the 150th anniversary of the martyrdom of the eponymous saint; as of 2003, the church had roughly 500 members.[25]

Filipinos are often baffled by and even suspicious of the presence of Korean ethnic-specific churches in their country, assuming that they have come in an attempt to evangelise Catholics; however, though the churches sometimes conduct charity outreach work in the local communities, their activities are mainly targetted towards Koreans.[26] The few native members the churches attract tend to be those from lower socioeconomic brackets.[27] Mass weddings conducted by the Unification Church in the 1980s caused particular controversy and had a negative effect on Philippine-South Korean diplomatic relations.[28]

Influence on Philippine society

Korean expatriates provide a significant stimulus to the local economy; they are estimated to spend between US$800 and $1000 per month, making an aggregate contribution of over $1 billion per year in consumer spending.[29] The most well-known Koreatowns in the Metro Manila area are located in Makati's Barangay Poblacion and BF Homes, Parañaque. Outside of Manila, many Koreans also reside in quieter provincial cities such as Bacolod, Subic, Davao, and Baguio.[13]

The Korean community in the Philippines had little influence on Philippine society until the late 1980s, when the Korean wave (the increasing popularity of South Korean television and pop music) started.[3] They continue to be seen as a closed group by Filipinos.[29] Furthermore, Filipinos in general perceive South Korean migration to their countryas something of an 'oddity', as it goes against the pattern more familiar to their own experience, that of people from poor countries migrating to the developed world.[30]

Tourism

As of 2007, South Koreans accounted for 15% of all foreign visitors to the Philippines. As recently as 1992, the annual number of South Korean visitors arriving in the Philippines was a mere 26,000; however, that expanded over seven times to roughly 180,000 by 1997, and then to 303,867 by 2003.[31] Tourism arrivals continued to grow rapidly, to 570,000 in 2006, meaning that South Korean tourists formed a larger group than American tourists for the first time, and then to 650,000 by 2008.[4][29] As of 2007, Korean Air, Asiana Airlines, and Philippine Airlines each offered one daily flight between Manila and Seoul, with Philippine Airlines also expanding their Cebu-Seoul route to daily flights.[32]

The prevalence of South Korean men in sex tourism to the Philippines has resulted in the birth of an estimated 10,000 children of mixed Korean and Filipino descent, colloquially referred to as Kophinos (Korean language: 코피노). As recently as 2003, they were believed to number fewer than 1,000, while another 9,000 were born from 2003 to 2008. As a result, Filipinos' perception of Korean men has taken a turn for the worse.[4]

Notable individuals

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b 재외동포 다수거주 국가, Overseas Korean Foundation, 2007, http://www.korean.net/morgue/status_4.jsp?tCode=status&dCode=0105, retrieved on 10 October 2008 
  2. ^ Miralao 2007, p. 33
  3. ^ a b c d Meinardus, Ronaldo (2005-12-15), ''Korean Wave' in Philippines', The Korea Times, http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/opinion/200512/kt2005121517211054280.htm, retrieved on 16 February 2007 
  4. ^ a b c Song, Tae-heui (2008-12-12), '아빠 없는 코피노 만명… '한국男 나빠요' (10,000 Kophinos without fathers ... 'Korean men are bad')', The Korea Times, http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LS2D&mid=sec&sid1=102&sid2=59b&oid=038&aid=0001987197, retrieved on 14 December 2008 
  5. ^ Kutsumi 2007, p. 60
  6. ^ Kutsumi 2007, p. 61
  7. ^ Kutsumi 2007, pp. 61-62
  8. ^ Kutsumi 2007, p. 62-63
  9. ^ Kutsumi 2007, pp. 63-64
  10. ^ Kutsumi 2007, p. 64
  11. ^ Kutsumi 2007, p. 65. The law referred to is the Presidential Statute, Article 156, introduced on 12 December 2002.
  12. ^ Yoon, Won-sup (2006-07-09), 'Philippine Cultural Center Opens', The Korea Times, http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/special/200607/kt2006070917022545270.htm, retrieved on 16 February 2007 
  13. ^ a b Garcia, Cathy Rose A. (2006-07-03), 'More Koreans Look to Retire in Philippines', The Korea Times, http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/special/200607/kt2006070314293511440.htm, retrieved on 27 March 2007 
  14. ^ Miralao 2007, p. 32
  15. ^ Miralao 2007, p. 27
  16. ^ NIIED 2007, 마닐라한국아카데미
  17. ^ NIIED 2007, 시부한글학교
  18. ^ NIIED 2007, 다바오한글학교
  19. ^ NIIED 2007, 바기오한인학교
  20. ^ NIIED 2007, 엥켈레스한인학교
  21. ^ NIIED 2007, 필리핀남부학교
  22. ^ NIIED 2007, 한국쉐마학교
  23. ^ Kutsumi 2007, p. 62
  24. ^ Makil 2007, p. 49
  25. ^ Kutsumi 2007, p. 63
  26. ^ Miralao 2007, p. 33
  27. ^ Makil 2007, p. 49
  28. ^ Miralao 2007, p. 37
  29. ^ a b c Damazo, Jet (2007-07-12), 'Korea Invades the Philippines', Asia Sentinel, http://asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=575&Itemid=34, retrieved on 12 July 2007 
  30. ^ Miralao 2007, p. 25
  31. ^ Miralao 2007, p. 26
  32. ^ Miralao 2007, p. 25
  33. ^ Panaligan, Jojo P. (2006-07-29), 'Sandara Park goes daring', Manila Bulletin, http://www.mb.com.ph/issues/2006/07/29/ENTR2006072970343.html, retrieved on 19 September 2007 
  34. ^ Hwang, Gil-hwan (13 May 2005), '장재중 전필리핀한인회장 제작 영화 개봉 (Former Korean Association of the Philippines president Jang Jae-jung's movie starts showing)', Maeil Gyeongje Ilbo, http://inews.mk.co.kr/CMS/sports/all/real/pt/6624064_3101.php, retrieved on 19 September 2007 

Sources


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